Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are now well established as a standard means of effective treatment of coronary artery disease. Every year, millions of patients around the world benefit from these procedures that treat blockages in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the muscles of the heart.
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) is done under local anesthesia and involves manipulating a catheter under fluoroscopic guidance to the opening of the coronary artery, following which a thin guidewire is threaded across the blockage in the vessel. Subsequently, a balloon is tracked over the wire and inflated to push the blockage to the sides and pave the way for good blood flow. A stent is then deployed there, which acts as a scaffold to prevent recoil and vessel closure. A Drug-eluting Stent also delivers a drug locally for 2-3 months so that re-blockage can be avoided.
Anatomical features resulting in complex angioplasty include multiple blockages, long lesions, severe calcifications, blockages of the left main coronary artery, blockages involving bifurcations/trifurcations (branch points), chronic total occlusions, lesions with a lot of blood clots, etc.